Word count for novels and books is something I don’t think about too often until I travel to a writers’ conference, and then someone asks a simple, innocent question: “How long should a book be?” With that in mind, I’ve tried to put together the definitive post on word count for fiction (novels, young adult, middle grade, children’s books and even memoir).
The most important thing here is to realize that there are always exceptions to these rules. And man, people love to point out exceptions—and they always will. However, if there is one thing I remember from when my wife dragged me kicking and screaming to He’s Just Not That Into You, it’s that you cannot count on being the exception; you must count on being the rule. Aiming to be the exception is setting yourself up for disappointment. What writers fail to see is that for every successful exception to the rule (e.g., a first-time 150,000-word novel), there are at least 100 failures if not 300.
Almost always, high word count means that the writer simply did not edit their work down enough. Or—it means they have two or more books combined into one.
“But what about J.K. Rowling???” asks that man in the back of the room, putting his palms up the air. Well—remember the first Harry Potter book? It wasn’t that long. After JK made the publishing house oodles and oodles of money, she could do whatever she wanted. And since most writers haven’t earned oodles, they need to stick to the rules and make sure they work gets read. The other thing that will make you an exception is if your writing is absolutely brilliant. But let’s face it. Most of our work does not classify as “absolutely brilliant” or we’d all have 16 novels at this point.
ADULT NOVELS: COMMERCIAL & LITERARY
Between 80,000 and 89,999 words is a good range you should be aiming for. This is a 100% safe range for literary, romance, mystery, suspense, thriller and horror. Anything in this word count won’t scare off any agent anywhere.
Now, speaking broadly, you can have as few as 71,000 words and as many as 109,000 words. That is the total range. When it dips below 80K, it might be perceived as too short—not giving the reader enough. It seems as though going over 100K is all right, but not by much. I suggest stopping at 109K because just the mental hurdle to jump concerning 110K is just another thing you don’t want going against you. And, as agent Rachelle Gardner pointed out when discussing word count, over 110K is defined as “epic or saga.” Chances are your cozy mystery or literary novel is not an epic. Rachelle also mentions that passing 100K in word count means it’s a more expensive book to produce—hence agents’ and editors’ aversion to such lengths.
In short:
80,000 – 89,999: Totally cool
90,000 – 99,999: Generally safe
70,000 – 79,999: Might be too short; probably all right
100,000 – 109,999: Might be too long; probably all right
Below 70,000: Too short
110,000 or above Too long
Chick lit falls into this realm, but chick lit books tend to be a bit shorter and faster. 70-75K is not bad at all.
SCI-FI AND FANTASY
Science fiction and fantasy are the big exceptions because these categories tend to run long. It has to do with all the descriptions and world-building in the writing.
With these genres, I would say 100,000 – 115,000 is an excellent range. It’s six-figures long, but not real long. The thing is: Writers tend to know that these categories run long so they make them run really long and hurt their chances. There’s nothing wrong with keeping it short (say, 105K) in these areas. It shows that you can whittle your work down.
Outside of that, I would say 90K-100K is most likely all right, and 115-124K is probably all right, too. That said, try to keep it in the ideal range.
MIDDLE GRADE
Middle grade is from 20,000 – 45,000, depending on the subject matter and age range. When writing a longer book that is aimed at 12-year-olds (and could maybe be considered “tween”), using the term “upper middle grade” is advisable. With upper middle grade, you can aim for 32,000 – 40,000 words. These are books that resemble young adult in matter and storytelling, but still tend to stick to MG themes and avoid hot-button, YA-acceptable themes such as sex, drugs and rock & roll. You can stray a little over here but not much.
With a simpler middle grade idea (Football Hero, or Jenny Jones and the Cupcake Mystery), aim lower. Shoot for 20,000 – 30,000 words.
YOUNG ADULT
Perhaps more than any other, YA is the one category where word count is very flexible.
For starters, 55,000 – 69,999 is a great range.
The word round the agent blogosphere is that these books tend to trending longer, saying that you can top in the 80Ks. However, this progression is still in motion and, personally, I’m not sure about this. I would say you’re playing with fire the higher you go. When it gets into the 70s, you may be all right—but you have to have a reason for going that high. Again, higher word counts usually mean that the writer does not know how to edit themselves.
A good reason to have a longer YA novel that tops out at the high end of the scale is if it’s science fiction or fantasy. Once again, these categories are expected to be a little longer because of the world-building.
Concerning the low end, below 55K could be all right but I wouldn’t drop much below about 47K.
PICTURE BOOKS
The standard is text for 32 pages. That might mean one line per page, or more. 500-600 words is a good number to aim for. When it gets closer to 1,000, editors and agents may shy away.
WESTERNS
I remember reading some Westerns in high school and, if I recall correctly, they weren’t terribly long. There wasn’t a whole about this on agent and editor sites, but from what I found, these can be anywhere from 50K to 80K. 60,000 is a solid number to aim for.
MEMOIR
Memoir is the same as a novel and that means you’re aiming for 80,000-89,999. However, keep in mind when we talked about how people don’t know how to edit their work. This is specially true in memoir, I’ve found, because people tend to write everything about their life—because it all really happened.
Coming in a bit low (70-79K) is not a terrible thing, as it shows you know how to focus on the most interesting parts of your life and avoid a Bill-Clinton-esque tome-length book. At the same time, you may want to consider the high end of memoir at 99,999. Again, it’s a mental thing seeing a six-figure length memoir.
SOME THOUGHTS
You have agents like Nathan Bransford (now formerly an agent) and Kristin Nelson who say that you shouldn’t think about word count, but rather you should think about pacing and telling the best story possible—and don’t worry about the length. Yes, they’re right, but the fact is: Not every agent feels that way and is willing to give a 129,000-word novel a shot. Agents have so many queries that they are looking for reasons to say no. They are looking for mistakes, chinks in the armor, to cut their query stack down by one. And if you adopt the mentality that your book has to be long, then you are giving them ammunition to reject you. Take your chances and hope that excellent writing will see your baby through no matter (and I hope it does indeed break through).
But I believe that we cannot count on being the exception; we must count on being the rule. That’s the best way to give yourself your best shot at succeeding.
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Other writing/publishing articles & links for you:
- How to Increase Conflict in Your Story.
- How to Conquer Self-Doubt and Just WRITE.
- Why Me Must Write Anywhere and Everywhere.
- NEW Literary Agent Seeking Clients: Carly Watters of PS Literary.
- Sell More Books by Building Your Writer Platform.
- Follow Chuck Sambuchino on Twitter or find him on Facebook. Learn all about his writing guides on how to get published, how to find a literary agent, and how to write a query letter.
Chuck: I don’t see a recommended length for historical fiction. Some of the posts I’ve encountered in the past seem to support a length of between 150,000 and 200,000 for historical fiction, and I’m wondering if you would concur or take issue with that. The exhaustively-edited and re-edited novel I have written is a little under 250,000 words; hence, its length is not due to a lack of editing but the presence of two major historical narratives (one from the ninth century and one from the twentieth century) along with several smaller ones, perhaps in the vein of something like “Cloud Atlas” (but spanning a far longer period of history). This is because the book is not merely a “historical novel” but a novel about the relationship between history and myth, as well as the individual stories within it. Perhaps to you this sounds like one hot mess of utterly unmarketable excess. But I would ask: how qualitatively different is being the one in 100 (or more) “great” long novels that gets sold versus being the 1 in 200 (or more) novels of ANY length that gets sold? I’m not trying to be cute here. But really, it’s a vertical challenge regardless, yes? Isn’t the key really the writing itself? I have asked all sorts of people I know–lawyers, hair stylists, shampoo gals, teachers, admins, restaurant servers–if reading a 700-page novel by an unknown writer would bar them from buying the book. Only one of them has said ‘yes.’ The only thing they all said mattered was if they ‘heard it was good.’ That’s always been the only factor for me that mattered. I actually find very long novels “exciting”: like an adventure, a voyage. Finishing the last page of the last volume of Proust was one of the saddest days of my entertainment life. I felt like I’d moved out of state.
I haven’t seen much on historical, but I would say no more than 125K is a safe bet. 250K seems just way too long. If you really feel like you can’t edit it any more and that it MUST be that length, then all you can do is query away and hope for the best.
Thanks Chuck! Kind of scratching my head over the YA numbers, tho. Teens and young adults love a lengthy read because they invest more heavily in the characters. No one can deny the success of big, honking books, in endless series, like Twilight and Harry Potter (which appeals to a far wider audience than it was probably intended to). What do you think is the reasoning behind the more conservative word counts in this genre? Are these only first novel word counts?
First books, yes. Go look at the first Harry Potter book. Is is quite short. Only after Rowling proved herself a bestseller did she get leeway to write however long she liked.
Just thought I’d point out that even though the first Harry Potter book is shorter than the others, it still clocks in at 77,000 words. That’s a good 7,000 words higher than your suggestion for YA, and it’s actually classified as MG, which should theoretically be even shorter than YA. I think 55-70K is on the short end for YA if you’re including YA fantasy, sci-fi, and paranormal in your calculations.
Once again, I find just what I’m looking for written by Chuck. Thank you -
Third, in progress, at over 125,000 for second draft.
Thanks – I’m sharing this with the online class on writing historical fiction I’m teaching! I’m sure you’re right that in general, under 300 pages is better. But I think that historical fiction as a genre tends to be longer. My first novel, “The Darling Strumpet,” was just over120,000 words, and my second a bit longer. And my contract specified manuscript to be between 90,000-120,000 words!
This is a super-helpful post, Chuck! Thank you.
I have read so many versions of word counts online. WD is finally a place I trust for this topic. Thanks – even knowing now my word count will be leaning too far to too high for younger MG. (If my characters were only older by a couple of years. Alas. They are the perfect age for this story. lol)
Thinking about how tall an agents slush pile is and tailoring your writing to that seems so wrong.
Very helpful. Thanks for all the important numbers.
Great post! Thanks for the numbers. Seems to me that the most important thing is to tell a good, well-written (and edited) story. But knowing the boundaries helps when considering to publish.
So thank you!
Can you talk a bit more about what constitutes word count? Is this simply what Microsoft Word says at the bottom “Words: 50,000″ or whatever? MS Word counts hyphenated words as one word. “Seventeen-year-old” is one word for MS Word. Do agents and publishers use some other tool to count words? Is there any magic involved that’s not obvious to the newcomer?
Thanks!
Have to take issue with you about the length of SF though – the best novels in the SF genre have all been on the short side and the best early SF novels were around 60K only.
Thank you–these guidelines are fantastic. I wish I could have read this before I wrote my first novel. Free Submit Url
Thank you for covering YA SFF. I have recently taken up my pen and finally begun plotting out the hybrid genre YA book I’ve had in my head for quite a while, and I’ve worried about the 50k word limit I’ve heard so often cited.
And Judi Moore, how long was Dune? It definitely sits as one of the great SF books, and if I recall, it was pretty wordy. But other than that, you’re right–SF is about ideas and their realization; fantasy is about epic worldbuilding. It’s when a hybrid comes along (for instance Star Wars or Stephen King’s The Dark Tower), where genre conventions are blurred and intermingled, that SF books really get some meat on their bones.
Do you have any information re word counts for a self help book?
Thank you, I’ve been confused about the numbers. Now I know. I’ve asked this question before at a writers group, and as you said, a firestorm ensued. I went away bewildered.
Your blog is always informative. I love your agent interviews too. Great series.
Like another commenter said: great to have these numbers all in one place.
Have to take issue with you about the length of SF though – the best novels in the SF genre have all been on the short side and the best early SF novels were around 60K only. I’m racking my brains just now for a long one … nooo. Not coming up with anything. Fantasy now – that’s a different matter. All those magic swords and elves seem to bulk a book up in no time.
Great blog. Very helpful. Many thanks.
I always feel so hesitant to accept any of these rules. Yeah, it’s partly because I want to see myself as the exception, as "above" such simple prescriptions.
But there are also those exceptions. And it’s not just that there are a few exceptions that happen to be successful, it’s that the most successful books tend to be exceptions to the rules–I’m thinking in terms of MG: not just Harry Potter but Inkheart and The Peter Pan prequels on the long end, Lemony Snicket on the short end. Yes, I know these exceptions are usually by experienced writers who got where they were by first following the rules.
But the books would still be great books (and probably good sellers) even if they’d been written by unknowns.
The whole thing makes the "rules" seem arbitrary. Why aren’t publishers interested in publishing books that are very much like the ones that sell the most copies?
Is it that unknown names are statistically unlikely to sell long or short books? (If that’s really the case, I’ll withdraw all my whining.) Or is that just the perception? Or is there some other logic to it?
I do believe that you are representing the reality of the publishing world. I just wish I understood WHY.
In any event, I very much appreciate the advice given here and in all of your columns. Your blog has answered so many of my questions. Thanks!
Thank you. It’s great to have all these numbers in one place.
Great post. I refer to this as "the Underdog syndrome." We are attracted to underdogs. We love the Little Engines That Could. We admire success in the face of overwhelming adversity. And, because we romanticize it, many people want to cast themselves in the role of underdog. They want to be able to tell the story of how, despite the fact that only one in three hundred 150,000 word first YA novels finds any success, THEIRS did. I often coach writers to stick to telling the stories on their pages and not hope to be able to tell the story about how they beat the odds. Leads to far less heartbreak.
And perhaps I should edit before I post…
"Middle Grade" instead of "they Middle Grade"
"define" instead of "definite"
Thank you for this information. This is my first time on your blog. One number that I’ve been forever frustrated in finding out is: children’s first chapter books (like the Junie B. Jones ones). How many words are those? Is there a standard?
Are these books classified under "Children’s Books?" For some reason, whenever that moniker comes up, people always think of picture books. Like they "Middle Grade" perhaps there should be an "Elementary Grade" to definite these stories.
And a final related question is: Would agents who represent "children’s books" be the ones to approach with these chapter books?
Thanks much for your time and advice.
Thank you–these guidelines are fantastic. I wish I could have read this before I wrote my first novel. Of course, I probably had to write the whole thing and get rejected to force myself to see I really had, as you said, enough material for more than one book!
Thanks for the guidelines!
I think many writers get hung up on word count, myself included. But I want to make sure I’m at least in the general ballpark of what is acceptable. I’m nearly done with my first YA novel, and I’m currently sitting at just over 67,000 words. I estimate I have another two chapters to complete, which might put me over 75,000 words. Of course I’ve yet to edit, and hopefully I’ll be editing out and not in.
Just curious. When you wrote this you were nearly done your first draft. How different is it in word count three years later? (I’m in my Nthteenth revision, and I keep thinking I know how long it is, until I have to revise again. lol)